The Impact of using New Technology in Art Exhibitions Essay

The Impact of using New Technology in Art Exhibitions - Essay Example This is followed by a thorough analysis of the various expert viewpoints regarding several issues, such as whether online exhibition seems likely to replace traditional exhibition completely. These viewpoints are extracted from different literatures. For the artistic viewpoint, the research has used ‘Ways of Seeing’ and ‘Management and the Arts’, whereas, management books help elaborate the business viewpoint. 1. Traditional Exhibition: Scientific and technological advancement has dynamically altered the traditional exhibition industry, bringing in innovative technology into performance art, as is present in the London Design Museum. This has enhanced the ability of artistic techniques to express and generate emotion, and has also made the use of network form more efficient. Experts also write about how technological changes have affected the viewership and appreciation of the relevant art forms and their exhibitions. Technology has enabled a whole new segme nt of visitors to visit these art exhibitions and museums to appreciate the work. These audiences are those present worldwide, who can now appreciate the art by visiting online galleries of these museums (Camp, MacFadden and Mercer, 2000). Thus, the visitors are no longer limited to physical visits to the institutions. Their visits are no longer contingent on their geographical location, but simply on their passion and interest in art. Furthermore, technology has made it possible to sort out and cater to each of these virtual visitors individually, based on their educational backgrounds, ages and interests. This helps museums further achieve their goals of educating the public with the various lessons that art has to offer, and expanding their minds to further enable them to understand the depths of each piece of art. Thus, with this technological aide, museums are able to enrich the experience they provide to their visitors (Perlin 1998). Another relevant insight that the available literatures had to offer was about the â€Å"Contaminated Cultural Materials in Museum Collections† workshop that the Arizona State Museum at the University of Arizona in Tuscon held. The planning and implementation was sponsored by a NAPGRA grant, and the event took place from March 16th to 18th in 2000 (Odegaard & Sadongei, 2005). The workshop was held for representatives of the twenty one American Indian tribes in Arizona, aiming to discuss the features and quantity of chemical contamination present on tribal cultural material that the museum possesses. Following this, it aimed to explain the need for using such poisons on the materials. This was accompanied by a brief overview of the health risks, which are potentially attached with preserving and restoring a functional object in order to display to a community. Finally, the workshop aimed to circulate the clearinghouse information pertaining to medical referrals as well as toxicologists, chemical hygienists and other su ch health experts (Odegaard and Sadongei, p xi, 2005). Conclusion The workshop highlighted some important facts that need attention when museums and tribes plan to collaborate in the restoration of objects before sending them back to their place of origin. It shed light on the importance of communication in this ordeal. It is the museums responsibility to actively communicate all issue during consultations, and to keep the tribes informed during the whole process. The chances of uncovering a serious health issue of

Essay on the book Christianity in the first three centuries by Adolf

On the book Christianity in the first three centuries by Adolf Harnack - Essay Example Thus, the religion of Christianity has â€Å"become a power† (Harnack 312). Initially, Christianity has been known as a part of Judaism; subsequently, it has become one of the most dominant religions in the world. In its evaluation as a popular religion, it has attained a powerful grip on humanity. Harnack, by analyzing both historical developments of dogma and of the relation of the church to the state, along with missionary movement of Christians, investigates the expansion of this religion. Christianity has received a strong foundation to grow and the time too has been perfect in a certain sense, despite the stiff oppositions, constant attacks, enemies, unfavorable rulers and authorities. Harnack’s work is divided into three sections. The first section deals with the humble but dynamic beginning, with the background of Judaism, and the emergence of Jewish religion. Then it goes on to the mission, consequently segregating from the mainstream. The second section concer ns with the contents of the message that influenced the Christians with such a powerful force. The third section dwells on different methods employed, and hostility suffered in the voyage of the mission until it attained the recognition of the masses. This paper offers a critical analysis of Harnack’s work in relation to the mission and the expansion of Christianity. Review: Right at the beginning, in Book 1, Harnack brings to the attention of his audience Christianity’s germination on the fertile land of Jews and examines how it has fared then on. The context has remained favorable for Christianity’s growth. Jewish foothold has been very firm and their propaganda profound. Judaism gradually kept transforming in a philosophical context. However, afterwards, the religion has â€Å"presented itself in the eyes of the law and the authorities as a religion distinct from that of Judaism, its character as a religio illicita was assured† (Harnack 302). Simultane ously, the religion has blended itself into the lives and other aspects of the society in the east. This was syncretism, which looked like a unity from distance but is heterogenous in reality. When â€Å"Christianity came to formulate ideas of God, Jesus, sin, redemption, and life, it drew upon the materials acquired in the general process of religious evolution standing against polytheism.† Harnack showed that Jesus’ preaching and works are the base for further mission work and the impulse given by His genuineness worked as its spirit. The earliest followers, especially Paul, got this profound consciousness of being an apostle to the world. He was driven till the western ends of Roman Empire. The transition from Jewish mission to gentile mission is clearly shown by Harnack. In between, he argues against the Jews’ evilness and unworthiness of God’s grace. He takes it to extremes. In the gospels, first of all, one can find the obligation to go to the Jews and then the Gentiles. Jesus, however, did not give an explicit command for this, which remained further a field to think upon. However, His message was for the whole humanity. Harnack depicted Christianity as a syncretistic religion. But it is not clear to what extent this syncretism or the acceptance of ideas from others, and employing them for own understanding, was present in the words of Jesus and the

The Contemporary Issue Of Bullying Education Essay

The Contemporary Issue Of Bullying Education Essay The contemporary issue I have focused upon in this assignment is Bullying. This is a prevalent issue in todays society. I feel this is of great importance especially with the concerns arising from recent research into the effects of bullying. This research indicates that bullying can have social, physical and psychological effects on students as well as on their academic success. What is bullying Bullying is a social phenomenon that is not easy to define. It is a behaviour that can be either be physical/verbal or direct/indirect. A bully is defined in the dictionary as a person, who hurts, intimidates or persecutes someone who is perceived to be different or weaker. The Government defines bullying as Behaviour by an individual or group, usually repeated over time, that intentionally hurts another individual or group either physically or emotionally. Dan Olweus a leading expert in this field has a similar definition to the governments and he asserts that A student is being bullied or victimized when he or she is exposed, repeatedly and over time, to negative action on the part of one or more other student (Olweus, 1993 p.9) The most widely used definition however is one that is developed by Olweus ( 993) and extended by Whitney and Smith (1993, p.7):We say a child or young person is being bullied, or picked on when another child or young person, or a group of children or young people, say nasty and unpleasant things to him or her. It is also bullying when a child or a young person is hit, kicked, threatened, locked inside a room, sent nasty notes, when no- one ever talks to them and things like that. These things can happen frequently and it is difficult for the child or the young person being bullied to defend himself or herself. It is also bullying when a child or young person is teased repeatedly in a nasty way. But it is not bullying when two children or young people of about the same strength have the odd fight or quarrel. Different type of bullying The word bullying is used to describe many diffident types of violent or intimidating behaviour. Bullying is certainly not easy to classify but here are the main types that have been identified. The first is verbal bullying which is the most common bullying according to research. Childline reported that 56 percent of children that rang about bullying called about verbal bullying. This type of bullying includes name calling and gossiping. Name calling is the most prevalent form of bullying according to most studies. One child in the Childline research for 2007/08 stated I am being bullied at school and feel no one likes me. I am always running to hide or cry on my own because Im called names and am pulled at. I feel suicidal but I wont do it. The second is physical bullying which involves the use of physical force such as hitting and pushing. This type of bullying is considered to be direct because it is intentionally focussed at the victim. In 2007/08 Childline reported that 53 percent of children and young people that called about bullying reported physical bullying. It can be identified through physical signs such as bodily harm although physical bullying does not always mean injury. Physical bullying can be a way of trying to humiliate the victim and show power over them. The third is indirect verbal bullying and this kind of bullying involves hurtful and untruthful comments behind the victims back. It can include spreading of rumours, letters or notes or even graffiti. The last is Cyber-bullying which is the newest form of bullying identified and has become a concern in recent years. This is a technology-enabled bullying and involves bullying by means of chat rooms, instant messing, mobile phones or even emails. Research initiated as a part of the DCSF cyber-bullying campaign highlighted that thirty four percent of 12-15 year olds reported being subject to cyber-bullying. Similarly research carried out by Goldsmiths College for the Anti-bullying Alliance found that twenty two percent of 11-16 year olds had fallen victims to cyber-bullying. Prevalence Various studies have been undertaken on this subject but because of the subjects sensitive nature it is hard to determine solid, valid and reliable statistics. The research being completed however does highlight the true extent of the bullying problem in the classroom setting. Bullying is a contemporary issue with the first national survey on this subject being conducted relatively recently. Kidscapes conducted the national survey between the years of 1984 and 1986 using a sample of 4000 children ages 5 to 12. The survey revealed the extent of the problem. The survey showed that 68% of the children had been bullied at least once, 39 percent had been bullied at least twice and 0.5% of those children felt it had affected their lives that substantially that they tried to commit suicide. Recent research also suggests that the problem is still prominent in the school setting. According to one recent study, one-fifth of primary school pupils and a quarter of pupils in Year 8 perceived bull ying as a big problem in their school. A later report by ChildLine showed that 15 per cent of primary school children and 12 per cent of secondary school children said they had bullied in the last year (ChildLine2004). In another study, 50 per cent of severely bullied boys said that they bully others, as did 33 per cent of severely bullied girls. Childline the national helpline for children received between the months of April 2000 to march 2001 almost 20,300 calls from children and young people concerned about bullying. Kidscape another helpline believes it receives more that 16,000 calls from parents each year concerned about their children getting bullied. Research has also suggested that Cyber-bullying which is the newest identified form of bullying is becoming a major problem. The number of Cyber-bullying cases is on the rise (Noret and Rivers, 2006). A study by National Centre for Social Research released to coincide with November 2009 Anti-bullying week revealed that Cyber-bullying is now one of the commonest forms of bullying in school. The Longitudinal study tracked 15,000 pupils who had their 14th birthday in 2004. The research also pointed out that 47% of 14-year-olds, 41% of 15-year-olds and 29% of 16-year-olds reported being bullied. Disabled children and children with special educational needs were also found to be more likely targets. This coincides with other such research that shows SEN children or children with disabilities are 2 to 3 times more likely to be bullied (Smith, 2007) The Longitudinal study also showed that children who reported being bullied went on to achieve on average 2 GCSE grades lower then children who were not bullied and were more likely to drop out of education at 16. This research is worrying and provides evidence of the detrimental effects bullying can have. Effects of Bullying Bullying can have all sorts of effects on children so it is important that bullying is tackled head on. The DfEE states that The emotional distress caused by bullying in whatever form be it racial, or as a result of a childs appearance, behaviour or special educational needs, or related to sexual orientation, can prejudice school achievement, lead to lateness or truancy, and in extreme cases, end with suicide.'(DfEE, 1999: 24-25). Vernon Coaker the schools minister also asserted at the event for Anti-Bullying Week that Bullying, in any form, should not be tolerated. It can destroy lives and have a lasting impact on young peoples confidence, self-esteem and emotional development. Research has indicated that bullying can not only effect academic achievement, it has also been linked with low self-esteem, anxiety, impaired concentration, truancy, depression and suicidal thoughts. Kidscape performed the first ever survey of adults with the aim of finding out if bullying had any lasting effects. The survey which was funded by the national lottery and proved that being badly bullied as a child had knock on affects. 46% nearly half of the survey population contemplated suicide compared with 7% of those who were not bullied. Most of the adults surveyed had little or no help at the time of the incidents. Tackling school bullying The Government in recent years has emphasised that tackling the problem of bullying is a main priority of theirs. The Government in 1999 said it was a legal obligation for all schools to have an anti bullying policy in place. Legislation places a duty on the head teacher to enforce an anti bullying policy and states that schools must encourage respect for others and prevent all forms of bullying among pupils.  Government guidance additionally states that the policy should be reviewed annually and that every member of the school community (including children, young people, carers and parents) should be involved in this review. Each school is in charge of designing their own policy with the help from Department for Children, Schools and Families (DCSF). The DCSF help schools to design strategies and effective anti -bullying policy to tackle bullying head on. They do this by providing very comprehensive guidance documents and have regional advisers on hand who have expertise in this area to help implement their guidance. Schools have a legal obligation to ensure measures are in place to address bullying: Head teachers must enforce a policy as a preventative measure against bullying in accordance with the Human Rights Act 1998. The Standards Frameworks Acts (1998) states that all schools are required by law to have an anti-bullying policy. Schools have statutory liability regarding behaviour of pupils under the School Standards and Framework Act 1998 : the head teacher shall determine measures to be taken with a view to à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ be encouraging good behaviour and respect for others on the part of pupils and, in particular, preventing all forms of bullying among pupils. Article 28 of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child states that bullying policy should be in place in each school and every child should know what to do if they find them self in the situation where they are being bullied. Section 175 of the Education Act 2002 states what is required of the governing bodies in relation to the wellbeing of the pupils in their school: The governing body of a maintained school shall make arrangements for ensuring that their functions relating to the conduct of the school are exercised with a view to safeguarding and promoting the welfare of children who are pupils at the school. The Education Act 2002 lays down out two aims for the national curriculum, whereby schools must make sure that it provides opportunities for all pupils to learn and achieve and promotes the spiritual, moral, cultural, mental and physical development of pupils at the school and of society, and prepares pupils at the school for the opportunities, responsibilities and experiences of later life. The DfES circular, Social Inclusion: Pupil Support Circular outlines government expectations and the legal duty of head teachers with regard to bullying The National Health School Guidance asserts that it is necessary that schools have a policy and code of practice for tackling bullying, which is owned, understood and implemented by all members of the school community and includes contact with external support agencies. Under the Race Relations (Amendment) Act 2000 schools are required to promote race equality. Childrens Act (2004) sets out five outcomes that professionals should work towards. These are to; Be Healthy; Stay Safe; Enjoy and achieve; Make a positive contribution and Achieve economic well-being. Safe to Learn: embedding anti-bullying work in schools is the new overarching anti-bullying guidance for schools which was introduced in September 2007. The safe to learn guidance includes advice on bullying. In addition to this Ofsteds framework for inspecting schools states that inspectors must assess and give an account on the magnitude and degree of bullying, racism and other forms of harassment. They must also report on the schools successfulness at dealing with bullying incidents and look at the schools relations with parents. Schools are not immediately responsible for bullying that takes place outside of the educational setting but their anti-bullying policy should make it known that steps are in effect to respond to such incidents. The Government publicised two anti-bullying guidance documents on 15 April 2009. These documents gave advice on how to tackle bullying outside of the classroom setting. Versions of the guidance documents were also for local authorities, youth workers, college staff, play workers, transport providers and childrens homes. Despite all of this there is no law which states that Scottish schools must have a specific anti-bullying policy. However there have been documents such as Action Against Bullying distributed to Scottish schools in 1992 that recommend that they should implement a policy. Scottish local authorities have approved of this recommendation but it isnt really enough. Other available help As well as the legislation and guidance documents there are other avenues of support and guidance. Schools for one can pledge their allegiance to tackling bullying by signing up to the Anti-bullying charter whereby there can self-assess their bullying policy. An anti-bullying week is also held every year by the Anti-bullying Alliance The anti bullying Alliance was established in July 2002 by NSPCC and NCB, it has combined 68 organisations into one association. Their aim is to reduce bullying and create a safe environment for which children can study. Anti bullying weeks aim is to raise awareness of bullying and the issues that surround it. This years Anti-Bullying Week was focused on tackling cyber-bullying. Sue Steel, National Manager of the Anti-Bullying Alliance , said on the 2009 anti-bullying week that: It is very encouraging that the Government is doing so much to make Anti-Bullying Week a real success. We all need to work in partnership to ensure children, young people and their parents are aware of the risks of cyber bullying and know how to prevent it There are also various websites to help both parents and adults such as the DirectGov  website which has plenty of advice for young people concerned about bullying. Parentline Plus has a helpline for parents, provides support through the Be Someone to Tell webpage and a website for parental advice on dealing with bullying of their child. A comprehensive list of organisations that provide both help and support concerning bullying is available in Annex  I of the overarching Safe to learn guidance. Developing a whole-school approach The whole school approach is recommended by the DfES and works by engaging involving the whole school community from pupils and teachers to staff, carers and parents. This approach works by involving everyone and creating a framework that endorses shared beliefs and values that help to counteract and reduce bullying effectively. The framework sets out steps to advise and manage incidents of bullying. The DfES recommends launching this whole-school policy in four phases: awareness and consultation, implementation, monitoring and evaluation. The policy should aim to: Ensure that the whole school community understands bullying and what is meant by bullying. Make it understandable that bullying will not be accepted inside or outside of the school setting. Create an effective system to deal with bullying incidents that enables children to easily report bullying occurrences. Ensure that all incidents reported are investigated seriously and the measures in place are acted upon in response. That clearly defined procedures are in place. Provide a systematic method of recording incidents that take place this in turn can help in evaluating and reviewing policy. Have a peer support programme in place. Continually review procedures and policy and keep the whole school community informed of any changes or revamps. Anti-bullying Policy Case Study In my small case study I looked at 3 anti-bullying policys for schools in the Surrey area. I would first like to note that out of the 5 websites I viewed, two did not have any anti-bullying policy online. Anti- bullying policy should be readily available for the school community and should be online for easy access for the whole school community. I will address the schools as A, B and C. School A had a very comprehensive Anti-bullying strategy in place using the whole school approach. It clearly defined anti-bullying procedure in place for children staff and parents using headings such as guidance for children. The Policy included an effectives system clearly stating each stage of procedure and using the no blame approach. School A also asserted that all incidents would be recorded and used in further cases if needed. The use of a peer support strategy was also in place which seems to add to the policies effectiveness as these systems have been found to be effective in reducing the negative effects of bullying for victims. This policy was said to have been reviewed in 2009 and was to be reviewed on a regular basis which again seemed excellent practice. School As policy was seemed precise and effective using the whole school community and in doing so promoting a shared set of values and beliefs. The fact it is reviewed on a regular basis makes sure the policy is fresh and effective. This school also had regular newsletters with any new updates on anti-bullying strategies or changes in policy these were in turn clearly published online. School Bs policy had a clear precise definition of bullying but however it was not as comprehensive as School A. The policy did show the procedure in place and stated the support in place for children; it however was aimed at staff and parents only and did not involve the whole school community. The policy had clearly not been reviewed in some time as it was dated May 2005 which is nearly 5 years ago and seemed outdated and forgotten. School Cs policy was just appalling; it consisted of a paragraph about the definition of bullying and a list of behaviour codes. It did promote a shared value on the expected codes of behaviour but no set clear process in place for dealing of bullying for staff, children or parents. Is the governments strategy working? There is not much in the way of research into this field and whether anti- bullying policy is effective or not. Bullying has decreased slightly since the previous year which could be a reflection of the change in government policy and promotion of peer support but really it is not a decrease in incidents. I conducted a small scale survey of 8 teaching assistants and teachers in schools around the UK to find out whether they felt the government were doing enough in relation to bullying. U.K  government is doing enough for schools in  relation to bullying  How do you feel about this statement?   Strongly Agree     0     0%     Agree     1     8%     Neutral     2   17%     Disagree     5   42%     Strongly Disagree     0     0%   The results show that 42% disagreed with the statement that the government was doing enough in relation to bullying, 17% were neutral and 8% agreed. This survey just indicates that people within the school context feel more can be done to stop bullying. One participant even stated There are anti bullying programs in place at schools but the children often do not come forward. The Government could work with the schools to make it easier for children to come forward. Bullying UKS CEO, John Carnell was reported saying These figures are disgraceful and show that the government and schools are just not getting to grips with this problem. Bullying UK was founded 10 years ago and the problems we are seeing now are the same ones we saw 10 years ago. Day in, day out, year in, year out, we are receiving exactly the same complaints from desperate parents and children and its a scandal that there is no government funding for the vital work we do which we know saves suicidal childrens lives. In the Childline case notes one counsellor asserts I dont think things have changed, and when you ask the children whether there are anti-bullying policies the children say yes, but it still makes you powerless. The frustrating thing is that we still receive so many calls about bullying What can schools do to tackle bullying? Research has proven that the whole school approach is the most effective strategy and recommended by the DfES. The whole school community should be involved in devising and implementing an anti-bullying policy. It requires everyone to maintain and advocate the standards in the policy and act promptly when incidents occur. This approach promotes shared values and beliefs and enables a clear understanding of the acceptable standards of behaviour. In Wales, Lambert, Scourfield, Smalley and Jones (in press) found a significant association between lower levels of bullying, and pupils reporting that the school had clear rules on bullying. The law does state that behaviour policy should be publicised to the school community once a year although really it should be communicated a lot more then this to refresh minds. Research has indicated that just having an anti-bullying policy alone is not enough. In order for a policy to be effective it needs to be efficiently implemented, reviewed and evaluated constantly. As for instance one study found that school-wide policies decline in effectiveness over a 2-3 year period, after which time bullying increases (Sharp et al, 2002). Smith states Bullying is an ongoing problem, so a one-off effort over a term or a year without continuation will have little or no lasting impact (Smith, 2004, p101). Bullying policy should be reviewed regularly and the whole school community should be involved in and notified of changes. Children should have a say in the policy as suggested by the DCSF. There are guidance documents such as the Anti-Bullying Alliance resource Are you talking to me?: Young Peoples Participation in Anti-Bullying. It is important to engage children and incorporate their ideas in the anti-bullying policy allowing them to be an active part of school life. There are a range of suggested classroom activities to encourage pupils to discuss anti-bullying policy. The Government has recently made PSHE lessons compulsory and these are a perfect platform for discussing bullying and anti-bullying policy. The need is to have a comprehensive anti-bullying policy and strategies in place. Not every school has a policy that is comprehensive and covers the extensive bullying types. For example, Adams, Cox Dunstan (2004) reported that out of 19 schools surveyed in the UK none of them specifically mentioned sexual orientation in the anti-bullying policies. What can the government do to tackle bullying? There are a range of things the government can still do to tackle bullying. A statuary duty should be made on schools and education authorities in Scotland to have anti-bullying policy in place. Scottish Schools are not legally obliged to have any policy or strategy in place to counteract bullying. Wales should also have regional advisors like England to advise schools about the effective strategies against bullying including best practice and how to create all an effective anti-bullying policy. The government should also find a way of assessing anti-bullying policy in each school as having this policy in place does not mean it is being implemented properly or carried out in the School context. Finally awareness should be raised on the newest forms of bullying such as cyber-bullying this should also be reflected in relevant policy. PSHE lessons can help raise this awareness and I feel bullying should become a compulsory topic allowing the school to discuss not only bullying in general but their own anti-bullying policy and practice. Conclusion After examining the research, articles, statistics and other information it does become apparent bullying has ever so slightly demised in the last few years but not really enough. This tells me that the government initiatives and policies have had a small effect in reducing bullying. The big problem with the anti-bullying policy is that each school has to devise the policy and implement it, which means the policys effectiveness can range dramatically between each school. If the government is to succeed at cracking down on bullying significantly I feel it is necessary to do the research and implement the same effective policy in each school. It may be useful for the Government to examine leading countries in the fight against bullying. The government also needs to listen to the people that this problem effects and find out their views on the policy that stands.

Is it right for celebrities to make a lot of money? Essay -- essays re

Over-Paid, Yet Under Rated   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Growing up in America, many people are unaware of what is really occurring around them. People are so into their televisions, and their jobs that they fail to recognize the amount of work that is put into making this country as wonderful as it is. However, many people complain about the wages they receive hourly at work, or the salary they earn every month. Some complain that it is too low, and others complain about the taxes that are deducted, and how they do not have money to spend for occasions like Christmas, or even vacations. Then those same people sit at home, watch television, whether it is a basketball game, a game show, or even a soap opera, and complain about why those actors, athletes, and entertainers earn so much money, when they do not do as much as doctors, and teachers do. They complain about soccer players that are paid more monthly than doctors do yearly. They complain about singers that are paid for lip singing on stage, fooling many people. Ev en with their complaints, they sit down and watch the football game, watch the concert, and support actors, entertainers, and athletes. Why should those actors, entertainers, and athletes be paid that much money when they do not shape our future like teachers do, or save lives like doctors do? Unfortunately, for those people who complain, it is because of people like that, which cause people like Britney Spears, and Shaquille O’Neal to have more money than some people can count. It certainly is not fair that famous people such as Shaquille O’Neal, and Britney Spears earn so much money, but people cannot complain about it not being fair because unfortunately America is a very entertainment filled country, and almost everyone in the country has a favorite singer, band, athlete, team, or sport that they support, by either purchasing clothing, albums, tickets to the games or concerts, which makes the famous person earn that high amount of money.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The music industry is a very large industry in America, and it seems to be growing larger and larger year by year. A person may not have to go through four years of college to be able to sing a song, but either way they must work to earn what they do. An example of that would be the famous rapper Eminem. While growing up, Eminem had to work to support his mother because his f... ... so the people who complain will stop complaining about how those famous people get money, but will then begin to complain about why there are no good shows, or sports, or movies to watch on television any longer. There will always be complaints, but those who complain should be aware that they are the ones that cause those actors, actress, athletes, and entertainers to have the amount of money that they do. Works Cited Lawson, Terry. â€Å"’8 Mile’ Strikes Gold at Opening.† Detroit Free Press 11 Nov. 2002. 24 Nov. 2003. . Reinhold, Eric J. â€Å"A Game Plan for Working with Professional Athletes.† Journal of Financial Planning. Jun. 2000. 26 Nov. 2003. . Rovell, Darren. Official: Beckham Not Nearing Lifetime Adidas Deal. 11 Aug. 2003. 25 Nov. 2003. . Salary Cap for 2003-04 Season set at $43.84 Million. 15 Jul. 2003. 24 Nov. 2003. . Salomon, Yves Erwin. â€Å"Eminem, Mariah Carey & Jay-Z Make Top 10 of ‘Rocks 50 Richest 2003’ List.† Launch Music on Yahoo. 18 Mar. 2003. 25 Nov. 2003. . Specialists, not Generalists, Taking Home More Pay. American College of Physicians. 25 Nov. 2003. . Wilson, Bernie. â€Å"Bryant: ‘Terrified’ for case’s effect on family.† USA Today. 4 Oct. 2003. 25 Nov. 2003. . Is it right for celebrities to make a lot of money? Essay -- essays re Over-Paid, Yet Under Rated   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Growing up in America, many people are unaware of what is really occurring around them. People are so into their televisions, and their jobs that they fail to recognize the amount of work that is put into making this country as wonderful as it is. However, many people complain about the wages they receive hourly at work, or the salary they earn every month. Some complain that it is too low, and others complain about the taxes that are deducted, and how they do not have money to spend for occasions like Christmas, or even vacations. Then those same people sit at home, watch television, whether it is a basketball game, a game show, or even a soap opera, and complain about why those actors, athletes, and entertainers earn so much money, when they do not do as much as doctors, and teachers do. They complain about soccer players that are paid more monthly than doctors do yearly. They complain about singers that are paid for lip singing on stage, fooling many people. Ev en with their complaints, they sit down and watch the football game, watch the concert, and support actors, entertainers, and athletes. Why should those actors, entertainers, and athletes be paid that much money when they do not shape our future like teachers do, or save lives like doctors do? Unfortunately, for those people who complain, it is because of people like that, which cause people like Britney Spears, and Shaquille O’Neal to have more money than some people can count. It certainly is not fair that famous people such as Shaquille O’Neal, and Britney Spears earn so much money, but people cannot complain about it not being fair because unfortunately America is a very entertainment filled country, and almost everyone in the country has a favorite singer, band, athlete, team, or sport that they support, by either purchasing clothing, albums, tickets to the games or concerts, which makes the famous person earn that high amount of money.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The music industry is a very large industry in America, and it seems to be growing larger and larger year by year. A person may not have to go through four years of college to be able to sing a song, but either way they must work to earn what they do. An example of that would be the famous rapper Eminem. While growing up, Eminem had to work to support his mother because his f... ... so the people who complain will stop complaining about how those famous people get money, but will then begin to complain about why there are no good shows, or sports, or movies to watch on television any longer. There will always be complaints, but those who complain should be aware that they are the ones that cause those actors, actress, athletes, and entertainers to have the amount of money that they do. Works Cited Lawson, Terry. â€Å"’8 Mile’ Strikes Gold at Opening.† Detroit Free Press 11 Nov. 2002. 24 Nov. 2003. . Reinhold, Eric J. â€Å"A Game Plan for Working with Professional Athletes.† Journal of Financial Planning. Jun. 2000. 26 Nov. 2003. . Rovell, Darren. Official: Beckham Not Nearing Lifetime Adidas Deal. 11 Aug. 2003. 25 Nov. 2003. . Salary Cap for 2003-04 Season set at $43.84 Million. 15 Jul. 2003. 24 Nov. 2003. . Salomon, Yves Erwin. â€Å"Eminem, Mariah Carey & Jay-Z Make Top 10 of ‘Rocks 50 Richest 2003’ List.† Launch Music on Yahoo. 18 Mar. 2003. 25 Nov. 2003. . Specialists, not Generalists, Taking Home More Pay. American College of Physicians. 25 Nov. 2003. . Wilson, Bernie. â€Å"Bryant: ‘Terrified’ for case’s effect on family.† USA Today. 4 Oct. 2003. 25 Nov. 2003. .

Dispersion and Deviation

In the world of data analysis, it is important to take note of the variability of data values for computation. Technically, variability provides an outlook whether there is a certain condition that data follows to achieve a certain computational characteristic. It comes from the root word â€Å"varied† and depicts a notion to analyze whether data sets are varied from each other or not. Usually, variability can be structured among randomly selected numerical values and intends to measure how spread out a group of data is (Lane, 2003).Dispersion is considered to be a measure of variability because it provides a big picture of how scattered the data values are. In gathering data sets, there is always a possibility for the numerical values for them not to align in a certain average. Therefore, dispersion gives the researcher an idea how widely dispersed each of the data is with respect to each other. Another measure of variability is deviation. Deviation is the actual distance of a measurement data from the average of the whole data set or the Mean (Wiley, 2000).There are two forms of computational deviation, the variance and the standard deviation. The variance is the average of the squared deviation measured from the population or sample average (Star Trek, 2007). Meanwhile, Standard Deviation is the variance’s square root. In the research that intends to provide alternative Treatment Educational Course for Parents of Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, the possible areas where variability can be seen is with regards to the variables involved under measurement.There might be some variations about the effect of the parents’ gender to nurturing their child with ADHD. Variation between the male and female perspectives can be measured by using implicit data acquisition such as surveying, interviewing or experimental design. Another possible source of variability can be considered in the education background of the parents. Peo ple who were able to complete their education and people who have not will more likely result to some variations with their answers on the surveys, evaluations and impression on the proposed alternative treatment for ADHD. References Lane, David (2003). Measures of Variability. Retrieved November 6, 2008, from Connexions Web site: http://cnx.org/content/m10947/latest/ Star Trek, (2007). Statistics Tutorial: Measures of Variability. Retrieved November 6, 2008, from Star Trek Web site: http://stattrek.com/Lesson3/Variability.aspx Wiley, (2000). Statistics Measures of Variability. Retrieved November 6, 2008, from CliffsNotes Web site: http://www.cliffsnotes.com/WileyCDA/CliffsReviewTopic/Measures-of-Variability.topicArticleId-25951,articleId-25906.html

Review Questions for Business Management Essay

1) What is resource overallocation? Resource leveling is the project management function of resolving project resource over-allocation. By definition over-allocation means that a resource has been assigned more work than can be accomplished in the available time as dictated by the resource’s calendar definition. In most scenarios, over-allocations can be remedied manually by extending tasks or moving them to accommodate the resource’s availability 2) What is resource leveling? When performing project planning activities, the manager will attempt to schedule certain tasks simultaneously. When more resources such as machines or people are needed than are available, or perhaps a specific person is needed in both tasks, the tasks will have to be rescheduled concurrently or even sequentially to manage the constraint. Project planning resource leveling is the process of resolving these conflicts. It can also be used to balance the workload of primary resources over the course of the project[s], usually at the expense of one of the traditional triple constraints (time, cost, scope). 3) Under what circumstances would you want to manually resolve conflicts? You can resolve resource conflicts or overallocations by using the resource-leveling feature in Microsoft Office Project. Leveling works by splitting tasks or by adding delay to tasks until the resources that are assigned to those tasks are no longer overloaded. Because of these changes to the tasks, leveling can delay the finish date of some tasks and consequently also the project’s finish date. When it is leveling, Project does not change who is assigned to each task 4) What would be the caution of adding more resources to a task to resolve resource conflicts? As you assign resources to tasks, Project checks the resource’s calendar to make sure that the resource is working. However, Project doesn’t assess whether the resource is already obligated when you assign the resource to a new task; Project enables you to make the assignment. Be aware, though, that the additional assignment may lead to overallocating the resource. Overallocation occurs when you assign more work to a resource than the resource can accomplish in the time that you’ve allotted for the work to be completed. 5) What would be the caution of rescheduling a task to resolve a resource conflict? To get the best performance and results from resources (resources: The people, equipment, and material that are used to complete tasks in a project.), you must manage resource workloads to avoid overallocations (overallocation: The result of assigning more tasks to a resource than the resource can accomplish in the working time available.) and underallocations (underallocation: Assigning a resource to work fewer hours than the resource has available.). If you change resource assignments (assignment: A specific resource that is assigned to a particular task.), check the effects of your changes on the overall schedule (schedule: The timing and sequence of tasks within a project. A schedule consists mainly of tasks, task dependencies, durations, constraints, and time-oriented project information.) to make sure that the results meet your project goals.

Free Essays on “A Scarlet Ibis“ Literary Essay

Prompt: In the story â€Å"The Scarlet Ibis† James Hurst uses setting imagery to parallel characterization. The two aspects of characterization that are reflected through the author’s use of setting imagery are [ the hopes and dreams] and [the disappointments] of the main characters. In â€Å"The Scarlet Ibis† by James Hurst, setting imagery is used to parallel the characters’ moods. He uses these forms of nature to reflect both [ the hopes and dreams ] and [ the disappointments ] of the main characters. [ The first illustration of setting imagery is when Hurst describes the hopes and dreams, the hopes of Doodle being able to walk, and how it became reality. ] { Doodle had a title of being â€Å"Handicapped† hanging over his head. } { The brother had a problem with having a â€Å"Handicapped† brother, so he set out to teach him [ Doodle] how to walk. } James Hurst, describes when the dream of having Doodle be able to walk becomes a reality here, â€Å"Finally one day, after many weeks of practicing, he [ Doodle ] stood alone for a few seconds. When he fell, I grabbed him in my arms and hugged him, our laughter pealing through the swamp like a ringing bell. Now we knew it could be done. Hope no longer hid in the dark palmetto thicket but perched like a cardinal in the lacy toothbrush tree, brilliantly visible. â€Å"Yes, Yes,† I cried and he cried it too.† This passage shows how the brother’s dream went from hope to reality. The brother and his family thought that Doodle would never be able to stand on his own, let alone walk. Doodle’s walking wasn’t very important, but since the dream had existed in his brother’s head for weeks, Doodle made his brother’s dream become a reality. It is this picture of setting imagery that James Hurst has built his story around that continues the hope and dreams of the main characters’, both as a dream and now a reality for the family to remember. This very moment is a moment that Dood... Free Essays on â€Å"A Scarlet Ibisâ€Å" Literary Essay Free Essays on â€Å"A Scarlet Ibisâ€Å" Literary Essay Prompt: In the story â€Å"The Scarlet Ibis† James Hurst uses setting imagery to parallel characterization. The two aspects of characterization that are reflected through the author’s use of setting imagery are [ the hopes and dreams] and [the disappointments] of the main characters. In â€Å"The Scarlet Ibis† by James Hurst, setting imagery is used to parallel the characters’ moods. He uses these forms of nature to reflect both [ the hopes and dreams ] and [ the disappointments ] of the main characters. [ The first illustration of setting imagery is when Hurst describes the hopes and dreams, the hopes of Doodle being able to walk, and how it became reality. ] { Doodle had a title of being â€Å"Handicapped† hanging over his head. } { The brother had a problem with having a â€Å"Handicapped† brother, so he set out to teach him [ Doodle] how to walk. } James Hurst, describes when the dream of having Doodle be able to walk becomes a reality here, â€Å"Finally one day, after many weeks of practicing, he [ Doodle ] stood alone for a few seconds. When he fell, I grabbed him in my arms and hugged him, our laughter pealing through the swamp like a ringing bell. Now we knew it could be done. Hope no longer hid in the dark palmetto thicket but perched like a cardinal in the lacy toothbrush tree, brilliantly visible. â€Å"Yes, Yes,† I cried and he cried it too.† This passage shows how the brother’s dream went from hope to reality. The brother and his family thought that Doodle would never be able to stand on his own, let alone walk. Doodle’s walking wasn’t very important, but since the dream had existed in his brother’s head for weeks, Doodle made his brother’s dream become a reality. It is this picture of setting imagery that James Hurst has built his story around that continues the hope and dreams of the main characters’, both as a dream and now a reality for the family to remember. This very moment is a moment that Dood...

International PepsiCo. Company

International PepsiCo. Company Introduction Every organization is expected to undertake strategic analysis to determine its market position as well as its current and anticipated performance. Through the application of different environmental analysis tools, managers are able to determine the strong and weak points of an organization. One of the activities carried out by organizations is scenario analysis.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on International PepsiCo. Company specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Scenarios are used to map the future based on uncertain and predetermined elements. These elements are explored with the aim of helping an organization to seek solutions to some of the foreseen problems which may have an effect on the company. The purpose of the current essay is to undertake a scenarios analysis and offer their respective strategic responses in respect to PepsiCo Company. The first task involves the development of three future sc enarios and strategic responses for PepsiCo. Scenario one predicts no major future changes scenario in the external environment. Scenario two predicts negative future changes in the external environment. Scenario three predicts positive future changes’ in the external environment. The second task of the essay involves evaluating the contribution of scenario planning to effective management. Introduction to the PepsiCo Company PepsiCo Company is a multinational company whose headquarters are in Purchase, New York (Berch, Montoya Sawayda 2010, p.1). The multinational company operates in the drinks and beverage industry. The company which was formed as a merger between Frito-Lay Inc and Pepsi-Cola is a major competitor of the Coca-Cola Company. PepsiCo has a presence in 200 countries across the globe. Some of the areas where it has subsidiaries include Africa, Asia, Middle East, Europe, and Australia, among others. Globally, the company is second after Coca-Cola in the food and beverage industry. Over the years, the company has undergone several mergers and acquisitions which have promoted its success and presence in the international markets. Through M A, the company has been able to diversify in its areas of production. For example, PepsiCo product base has expanded to increase products like snacks and foods (Berch, Montoya Sawayda 2010, p.1), PepsiCo competes with Kraft Foods.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The company has diversified its product mix where majority of the product mix are foods and the rest are beverages. Both carbonated and un-carbonated beverages are available although the carbonated beverages no longer dominate the market. Despite the success of the company, it has in the recent past been involved in challenging situations like environmental problems such as pollution and disposal of its biodegradable wastes (Berch et al. 2010, p.8) Rationale for its selection PepsiCo Inc is a large US company which controls about thirty six percent of the US’ drinks market (Berch et al. 2010, p.1). The company operates in an industry that is greatly affected by season. For example, most of the drinks are drunk seasonally and more so during summer. As a result, the company has to undertake a scenario analysis in order to determine its current and future operations. Furthermore, the company is normally faced with stiff market competition from Coca Cola, the number one market shareholder. Following the recent global market financial crisis it is imperative to acknowledge that PepsiCo was financially affected by the crisis. According to a case analysis by Berch and colleagues (2010), the operations of PepsiCo in the beverage industry has been faced with a lot of controversies. For example, the company has been accused of engaging in price wars with its main rival Coca Cola, contamination, and false labeling of its products. To remain relevant in the industry, there is need for PepsiCo to undertake a scenario analysis which would assists in strategic management. Scenario Analysis Scenario analysis has been described as the process by which several informed, alternative, plausible and â€Å"imagined alternative future environments in which decisions about the future may be played out, for the purpose of changing current thinking, improving decision making, enhancing human and organization learning and improving performance† (Chermack 2004, p15).Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on International PepsiCo. Company specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In this case, environmental scanning is an essential process which enables the success of scenario planning or analysis. Different factors in the external environment are considered in the process. To better conduct scenario analysis, SWOT and PESTEL analytical to ols have been adopted. On the one hand, the PESTAL analytical tool looks at the external environment on which the organization operates. Some of the elements analyzed include economic, political, technological, legal, social, and environmental factors that could have an impact on an organization. On the other hand, the SWOT analysis is normally concerned with the future opportunities available to an organization, as well as the threats that such a company may anticipate in the future. Scenario 1: no major future changes Competition in the beverage and drinks industry is not expected to change a lot in the future. Since the inception of the PepsiCo, its major competitor has been the Coca-Cola Company in as far as drinks are concerned (LTONEWC FIASCO 2005, p.34). On the other hand, Kraft Foods has been the major competitor of PepsiCo in the food snacks industry (Marketing Teacher Ltd, 2012). The current competition in these two industries is less likely to intensify hence the trend ca n be classified as stagnant. For instance, a new entrant into the industry would normally be required to have substantial amounts of capital and infrastructure. This creates stronger market entry barriers which prohibits other companies from entering the market. As a result, competition is not expected to increase greatly as the two companies enjoy some kind of monopoly. The company has a strong brand which ensures that the company stays competitive in the market.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Although other companies like Nestle and Groupe Danone may try hard to compete, the brand of PepsiCo is a worldwide brand, well known and diversified brand (Marketing Teacher Ltd, 2012). With more than 60 brands, the company is well placed in the beverage and food industry. As such, other brands from emerging companies are less likely to influence the drinks and the food snacks industry. Scenario 2: negative future changes One of the major negative effects that PepsiCo is expected to encounter in the future is the government regulations and laws. These could either be from the political or the legal environments. In the 21st century, there is an increased awareness on the environmental changes, health and safety issues. In the future, laws and regulations related to the three fields are likely to change, thereby affecting the operations of PepsiCo negatively (Marketing Teacher Ltd 2012). For example, environmentalists and communities have been complaining on the environmental damage s Pepsi has especially in India (Berch et al. 2010, p.6). Pepsi has been accused of using chemicals in its products which jeopardizes the health and the safety of human beings. If the government imposed bans or restrictive measures on Pepsi then the company is likely to lose the second largest market in Asia after China. This will definitely affect the company operations, market share, and sales negatively leading to lose. The changes in laws could also be future changes in taxation requests, tax rates and ecological laws. All these will negatively impact the company. A memorable incidence is when the company was accused of using pesticides in its bottled water drinks (Berch et al. 2010, p.6). As a result, the company was partially banned in five Indian states. This is an indication of the excepted laws and regulations regarding the environment, safety, and the health of the customers. With these noticeable incidents, the company is faced to face the same bans in different countries if it engages in similar unethical issues in the future. Environmental laws are aimed at ensuring environmental conservation, and these are also expected to rise in the near future. As such, PepsiCo may be affected negatively bearing in mind that the company’s products are developed and packaged in plastic bottles which are non-biodegradable. For example, Aquifina is a bottled water drink packaged in plastic bottles. Upon use, people discard the plastic containers anywhere thus causing environmental contamination. So far, international environmental watchdogs have been calling for the ban of these plastics as they cause landfills and other pollution-related problems (Berch et al. 2010, p.10). Other emerging concerns on laws and regulations are the labeling of water containers. For example, although labeling laws are not very strict in the United States, countries in the Middle East and Asia have strict relations which are expected to increase in the future. Scenario 3: posit ive future change Increased market base: PepsiCo has the likelihood of witnessing an increase in its market base in the future. This is because the company has diversified its operation through the incorporation of bottled water and snacks. So far, the company has a presence in two hundred countries in the world. In 2009, the company announced its plans to expand in countries with already existing operations (Berch 2010, p.3). Through the use of its adoptable expansion strategy, the company is expected to continue expanding in the years to come. Some of its brands like the Cola diet have been increasing in terms sales and popularity. This increase has been necessitated by the fact that people have become self conscious on their health and well being. As the awareness continues to take place, the brand will catch many people. As such, its market share will increase as its customer base increases. With a broad product base, the company will expand its market share. The diversification of the company’s products to include foods and snacks has prompted its future increase in market base at present and in the future. According to Berch et al. (2010, p.7) the company is on the verge of developing health products and health foods. For example, the company has been planning to invest over USD 10 billion to support the production of healthy snacks. This trend will have positive future changes on the market base of PepsiCo. This is based on the fact that many people are becoming health conscious which represents a new untapped market. In the future, the company expects to reap over USD 30 billion in this new market (Berch et al.2010, p.7). Healthier PepsiCo snacks which incorporate the demands of the health conscious customers are more than likely going to expand the market for PepsiCo. The current collaboration with researchers from Mayo Clinics and the WHO promises to develop new healthier products which will see the market of expand its market share. The bottl ed water and food snacks have a perfect market in the US which is anticipated to get the attention of consumers (Marketing Teacher Ltd 2012). As such, the sales of the organization are anticipated to increase and so is its market share. The company has also been experiencing high returns from the diet Cola. With the trends continuing the same as they are, the company will experience an increase in market share in different parts of the globe. Proposed strategies for the scenarios The negative scenario of change in the regulations and laws regarding aspects of environment, health, and safety will definitely have negative effects if the company does not put into place strategic mechanisms. The company will have to set a legal team which oversees that all the ethical and legal regulations in different countries are followed. In the process, it will ensure that the mentioned accusations are not witnessed in the future. In case of changes in the operational laws and regulations, the comp any will have to comply with the set rules and regulations. By following the laws and regulations, the company will be able to keep off from legal battles and bans. As such, its operations will continue to be operative. Health, safety, and environmental laws are increasing and are expected to increase in the near future. PepsiCo will have to carry tests on its products before entering in the market to avoid the repetition of past incidents in India. The strategy will ensure that the company does not get a bad reputation, calling back of products and face bans in major markets. Environmental conservation initiatives could be taken in future to conserve the environment. In order to solve these ethical related dilemmas, it is necessary that PepsiCo takes â€Å"different levels of government into account, as well as the concerns of NGOs† (Berch et al. 2010, p.6). This strategy will involve all the stakeholders and deal with any negative repercussions. Furthermore, the company cou ld carry thorough stakeholder orientation with the aim of discovering ethical course of action and avoid the uncalled bans. The company can develop biodegradable PepsiCo drinks bottles which would ensure environmental safety and avoid similar incidents to the one faced in India in 2006. This would reduce environmental pollution and ensure safety. Additionally, the dream machine project currently present in US could be initiated in other countries. This would encourage customers to discard their products wastes in a more planned manner which ensures conservations. On the issue of labeling the drinks bottle, the company needs to follow the regulatory laws and regulations in every country. Positive changes are expected in the future in the external environment in which PepsiCo operates. The market share for PepsiCo may increase in the future given that people are becoming health conscious. To accommodate the anticipated positive change, the company has invested a lot in research and de velopment. Therefore, the organization should continue to invest in R D in order to come up with products that can accommodate the expected changes in the future. Furthermore, the organization has already started collaboration with WHO and Mayo clinic to develop snacks and foods which are health conscious. The same has been done on the drinks sector. In the future, the same processes are required to continue to meet the anticipated changes. Contribution scenario planning make to effective strategic management To begin with, strategic management has been described as the process by which organizations manage the relation with the current environment while aligned to the organization mission (Sung 2004, p.12). It can also be defined as the manner in which a balance is maintained between strategies and the internal activities to manage the external environment. Therefore, to achieve the definition and the purpose of strategic management, scenario planning has to be carried out. This e nsures that the relationship between the organization and the changes anticipated in the future is monitored. With the changes exhibited in the external environment, managers depend on the scenario planning to plan future planning of the organization. One of the major benefits associated with scenario planning is the ability to help an organization information center from repeating past mistakes (Schoemaker 2011, p.43). As such, the organization’s strategic management team thrives to develop ways of mitigating the anticipated future negative scenarios. For example, PepsiCo scenario planning will assist the organization avoid past mistakes related to ethical issues and regulations. When an organization knows the anticipated change, it carries out up-front investment. As such, an organization avoids unnecessary thinking of the anticipated future problem change like laws and regulations. This saves the company time, energy, and costs that would result from the anticipated change if it was not carried up-front. As part of strategic management, planning prepares an organization from possible changes (Schoemaker 2011, p.43). As such, a company like PepsiCo would be in a position to reduce overexposure. Uncertain risks associated with resources and capitals are reduced if scenario planning is carried out in advance. The investment of the present and the future depends heavily on scenario planning for efficient and effective decision making process (Van Der Heijden 2011). Strategic decisions made by the strategic management team should depend on facts and collected data on external environment. As a result, the decision making process is improved since the management is aware of the possible future external environment changes (Schoemaker 2011, p.43). Managers are assisted as they are made to think in a certain systematic way. For example, through scenario planning, managers are provided with the possible predetermined changes which a manger cannot ignore or re ject. Compared to the traditional method of decision making, scenario planning is much better and effective process (Schoemaker 2011, p.43; Van Der Heijden 2011). Uncertainties resulting from different variables are easily adjusted at the same time without any difficulties. Issues of imperfect reasoning and bias by the managers are overcome through the use of this method. Scenario planning influences strategy development positively. For example, the management is forced to think beyond the current position and situation of the company. This enables the company to focus on the future of the company. Van Der Heijden (2011) adds that the process of planning energizes the management system of an organization. Attention is paid while the top management team is making decisions. Unlike in the traditional way of decision making and management, using the results of scenario planning enables the management to justify the operation on a single line or department (Schoemaker 2011, p.43). Scena rios provide contexts in which decisions are passed down the chain of command. Through the provision of a context for decisions and decision making, the communication process in an organization is improved. The decisions made are well communicated through set up channels which define the direction of an organization. Monitoring of weak signals and recognizing them until they are fully coalesced enhances corporate perception. For example, a company is enhanced to effectively incorporate any changes no matter how small it may be. This creates a corporate attitude that ensures that all problems have to be solved. As a result, strategic management process is improved. Van Der Heijden (2011) note that the commitment by a company to scenario planning makes it become part of the organization language. The reason behind this is the way in which a complex inter-disciplinary reality is transferred in effortless manner. As part of the strategic management, an organization has to ensure that it educates its managers to make quality scenarios. Consequently, the organization is in a better position to make realistic decisions both in the present and in the future of the company. ‘Stretching mental model’ is achieved which is used by planners to determine the driving forces of an organization in respect to the business environment (Van Der Heijden 2011). In reference to the case study, PepsiCo would be in a position to know the drivers of its business in respect to the business environment. Leadership is an essential tool in strategic management which coordinates the different tasks of an organization. Van Der Heijden (2011) has advised that scenario planning acts as a leadership tool. Scenario process or planning reinforces the interests of the management. Consequently, the managers become involved in the process of developing scenarios in occasional basis thus improving their leadership qualities. As the process continues, managers get more involved in the pro cess of generating scenarios which becomes contextual and influential tool. Ideas are easily communicated enhancing development of projects. According to organizational theory, the external environmental creates pressure on the internal environment of an organization (Fuhs n.d, p.6). The different pressures on the organization can be determined through the use of scenario planning. The claim can be supported by the views of Van Der Heijden (2011) who adds that the scenarios analysis which was first carried out more than 35 years ago at Shell have enabled the company deal with any external pressures. Because of the benefits associated with the process, Shell has been carrying scenario planning even to-date. The purpose of scenario planning is to â€Å"envisage alternative views of the future in the form of distinct configurations of key environmental variables† (Grant 2003, p.494). Therefore, scenario planning enables organizational managers to get on thinking and have the ava ilable mental models of thinking changed to accommodate the specified changes. As a result, managers and strategic analysts are able to synthesize different knowledge coupled with sharing of information. Russell (2005, p.11) note that managers and team players are able to discuss the possibilities of the future in relation to the stated scenario. This allows the management to solve the problems and note the possibility of the anticipated future outcomes (Russell 2011, p.11). It should be noted that scenario planning does not give alternatives to the anticipated changes from the external environment. Chermack (2004, p.15) note that scenario planning is more of the intended outcomes of the external factors than offering alternatives. Conclusion In summary, scenario planning is an essential undertaking which plays an integral role in strategic management. In reference to the essay, PepsiCo which is a MNC is more prone to changes and pressures from the external market hence the need for scenario analysis. Essentially, with increased competition and changes in laws and regulation on the areas of environment, health, and safety, the organization is required to carry scenario analysis. Based on the analysis, the major negative changes in the future are change in the environmental, safety, and health related laws and regulations. These may reduce the sales and market share of the organizations. News markets segments are a positive change which PepsiCo is more likely to depend on in the future. However, the current competition trends are not expected to reduce or increase as the market has strong entry and exit barriers. The major benefits associated with scenario analysis/planning is enabling leadership and effective decision making process which aids in strategic management of an organization. Others include creation of effective communication of decisions from management to other departments in an organization. It also allows the development of the ‘stretching mental model’ which allows better thinking among the managers. As a result, corporate perception is enhanced which enables coalesce of weak points. Lastly, the leadership of an organization is developed as the managers develop the attitude of scenario planning. This promotes the process of strategic management in an organization. Reference List Berch, K, Montoya, J Sawayda, J 2010, PepsiCo’s journey toward an ethical and  socially responsible culture, http://danielsethics.mgt.unm.edu/pdf/PepsiCo%20Case.pdf Chermack, T 2004, ‘The role of system theory in scenario planning, Journal of Futures  Studies’, vol. 8, no.4, pp.15 3 Fuhs, C n.d, Toward an integral approach to organization theory: An integral  investigation of three historical perspectives on the nature of organizations, experienceintegral.org/uploads/media/Fuhs_Toward_An_Integral_Approa h_to_Org_Theory.pdf Grant, R M 2003, ‘Strategic Planning in a Turbulent Environment: Evidence from the Oil Majors’, Strategic Management Journal, vol. 24, no. 6, pp. 491-517 LTONEWC FIASCO 2005, Cola Wars: Coca-Cola vs. PepsiCo, http://media.wiley.com/product_data/excerpt/16/04717432/0471743216-3.pdf Marketing Teacher Ltd 2012, SWOT analysis PepsiCo, marketingteacher.com/swot/pepsi-swot.html Russell, L 2005, Leadership development. Alexandria, ASTD Press Schoemaker, P J H 2011, General environment, oup.com/uk/orc/bin/9780199581610/henry2e_ch02.pdf Sung, M 2004, Toward a model of strategic management of public relations: scenario  building from a public relations perspective, University of Maryland Press, Maryland. Van Der Heijden, K 2011, Scenarios: The art of strategic conversation, John Wiley Sons, Chichester.

How to Use the Rack Application in Ruby

How to Use the Rack Application in Ruby In the previous article, you learned what Rack is. Now, it’s time to start using Rack and serve up some pages. Hello World First, let’s start with a â€Å"Hello world† application. This application will, no matter what type of request it’s given, return ​with a status code of 200 (which is HTTP-speak for â€Å"OK†) and the string †Hello world† as the body. Before examining the following code, consider again the requirements that any Rack application must meet. A Rack application is any Ruby object that responds to the call method, takes a single hash parameter and returns an array containing the response status code, HTTP response headers and the response body as an array of strings. class HelloWorlddef call(env)return [200, {}, [Hello world!]]endend As you can see, an object of the type HelloWorld will meet all of these requirements. It does so in a very minimal and not terribly useful way, but it does meet all of the requirements. WEBrick That’s pretty simple, now let’s plug it into WEBrick (the HTTP server that comes with Ruby). To do this, we use the Rack::Handler::WEBrick.run method, pass it an instance of HelloWorld and the port to run on. A WEBrick server will now be running, and Rack will be passing requests between the HTTP server and your application. Note, this isn’t an ideal way to launch things with Rack. Its only shown here to get something running before diving into another feature of Rack called Rackup, which is shown below. Using Rack::Handler in this way has a few problems. First, it’s not very configurable. Everything is hard-coded into the script. Second, as you’ll notice if you run the following script, you can’t kill the program. It won’t respond to Ctrl-C. If you run this command, simply close the terminal window and open a new one. #!/usr/bin/env rubyrequire rackclass HelloWorlddef call(env)return [200, {}, [Hello world!]]endendRack::Handler::WEBrick.run(HelloWorld.new,:Port 9000) Rackup While this is quite easy to do, it isn’t how Rack is normally used. Rack is normally used with a tool called rackup. Rackup does more or less what was in the bottom section of the code above, but in a more usable way. Rackup is run from the command-line, and is given a .ru â€Å"Rackup file.† This is just a Ruby script that, among other things, feeds an application to Rackup. A very basic Rackup file for the above would look something like this. class HelloWorlddef call(env)return [200,{Content-Type text/html},[Hello world!]]endendrun HelloWorld.new First, we had to make one tiny change to the HelloWorld class. Rackup is running a middleware app called Rack::Lint that sanity-checks responses. All HTTP responses should have a Content-Type header, so that was added. Then, the last line just creates an instance of the app and passes it to the run method. Ideally, your application shouldn’t be written entirely within the Rackup file, this file should require your application into it and create an instance of it that way. The Rackup file is just â€Å"glue,† no real application code should be there. If you run the command rackup helloworld.ru, it’ll start a server on port 9292. This is the default Rackup port. Rackup has some more useful features. First, things like the port can be changed on the command line, or in a special line in the script. On the command-line, simply pass in a -p port parameter. For example: rackup -p 1337 helloworld.ru. From the script itself, if the first line starts with #\, then it’s parsed just like the command line. So you can define options here as well. If you wanted to run on port 1337, the first line of the Rackup file could read #\ -p 1337.

Annotated Bibliography Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Annotated Bibliography - Essay Example According to this model, the role of the nurse involves the identification of potentials, assets and strengths within the family setting and encouraging the family members to focus on them. The nurses also seek to convert deficits in the family to strengths. Through this model of nursing, families become empowered and can achieve much more in the promoting health. According to this model, health denotes a social phenomenon, and a behavioral code communicated within societal structures such as the family and community at large. This essay will provide an annotation of sources that provide relevant information for use in this research. Allen, F., & Warner, M. (2002). A developmental model of health and nursing. Journal Of Family Nursing, 8(2), 96-135. Summary This article provides one of the critical essays written by Allen Moyra, the developer of the developmental model of health and nursing. She sought to develop a model that would describe a relevant organization with the potential of bringing the family unit and health professionals into working to promote health. The McGill model, as it is also referred, is one of the models adopted by nurses in improving the efficiency of their services. This article highlights that families have potentials, assets and strengths that can play a critical in improving health. ... Allen highlighted that through this model of nursing, families become empowered, and can achieve much more in the promoting health. Critique and Annotation This article discusses the developmental model of health and nursing, a concept that Allen introduced into the nursing field in 1996 in a bid to introduce a re-orientation in the Canadian nursing practice. The author of the article held a PhD in education, masters and bachelor’s degree in nursing explaining her competence in describing the model. Assignment two seeks to define the developmental model of health and nursing. In this context, the article is very relevant because it offers a description of the model as developed by Moyra Allen, a description that targeted nurses in practice. The article defines the objectives of the model in nursing and defines the context into which it applies. In this article, there is an elaborate definition of health as a social phenomenon, which is the definition exhibiting relevance to th e McGill model of nursing. In order to define health in this context, she identified the difference between health and context, and highlighting the urgency of adopting healthy lifestyles. Moreover, the article is of great relevance in this research because it offers the core information that defines the model. The author describes the assumptions underlying the model, and outlines the significance of the family in fostering health. The author outlines the relationship between the nurses ‘role and the family in according health care. In the research, this paper will serve as a foundation in developing the context of the essay. Moreover, this article succeeds in outlining the organization required in practice guided by this article.

Organisational Behaviour and Tourism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Organisational Behaviour and Tourism - Essay Example ‘ Kotter’s 8-Step Change Model for Leading Change’ leadership thoughts viewed 3 May 2013 16 Introduction In current economic times, internal and external factors that affect an organization are changing at a very fast and sometimes the future is unpredictable especially for multinational companies that operate in different external environmental factors such as political, economic, social and technological factors. The organization needs to redevelop a strategy to survive, adjust and continue operating in the hard times (Ates and Bititci 2011, P. 5601). The ability to overcome the challenges that comes with the changes helps the business to grow and offer innovative products to its customers. Global economic down turn is causing turbulence in business environment and many companies have not been able to achieve their goals and profitability and therefore the need to change their business strategy as well as restructuring their operations. Changes in an organizatio n if not properly planned and implemented may fail to attain the expected objectives affecting the organization negatively. In some cases the managers fail to involve their employees in the planning stage and there the employees who are the implementors resist the changes especially if the changes have a negative impact on them (Blomme 2012, P. 9). In a dynamic business environment, the situations that necessitated the change may seize to exist and the execution of the planned changes may create more challenges. To avoid the negative impacts of changes in an organization the company need to conduct an analysis of their current position and understand its future expectations’, analysis their business environment and involve all the stakeholders, design the strategy, predict the outcomes and prepare to handle the negative outcome. This paper will critically evaluate the current position of the France based Car Parts manufacturing company and recommend the best approach the mana gers can take to avert the expected outcomes through several theories and outcomes. D2 Company D2 is a multinational car spare parts manufacturing company that operates in three countries namely France, Spain and United Kingdom. The company’s headquarter based in France where it also operates two manufacturing plants and one plant the other countries. The main objective of the company is to increase their profitability by product improvements, improving and developing their employees and use of advanced technology. Previously the company has managed to offer valuable returns to its shareholders by sustaining their competitive advantages despite the ever increasing competition from other organization especially companies based in low cost regions. The current economic hard economic times that have changed the supply and demand chain due to high cost of living and low purchasing power on non basic products the company is not able to meet its objectives. The company’s to management has in turn formulated a new strategy to reduce the management and production cost by stopping manufacturing of some products and operating less facilities. However they have not involved their staff and they are yet to inform them of their decision and in fact the top managers have created the impression that they will be expanding some of their facilities soon. This strategy may have negative impact o

Annotated Bibliography Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 3

Annotated Bibliography - Assignment Example They say that it occurs in any healthy people and also in any age group. It is sometimes accompanied by staphylococcal infection.For type 3, they explain Gram-negative monomicrobial infection. They say it includes marine organisms like Aeromonashydrophila and Vibriospp that occur after wounds have been contaminated by infected water. They also explain treatment and prevention methods of the disease. Taviloglu, et al., (2006) focus on the symptoms of the disease majorly. Initially from page 1, they give the definition of the disease. They also highlight the causal agents of the disease and highlight that the disease is mostly caused when the skin contaminated by things that are infected such as water. In addition, they talk of the prevention measures such as seeing doctors, keeping the skin intact always, among others. Taviloglu, et al., (2006) also highlight diagnosis for the disease where they recommend carrying out surgery at the infected areas as being the surest way. Also, they have classified the disease into four types as given from page 253. The types have been extensively explained and types such as four pointed as the most lethal. Elliot, Kufera& Myers (2000) have given very extensive facts on the disease in their article. In this article, they have majored on the types of necrotizing tissue infections, diagnosis, prevention and treatment. For the types, they have given type 1 to type 4. Additionally, type 4 has been singled out as the most fatal of all the types. On Page 47, they give the mortality rate associated with the disease to be 34%. The article also highlights prevention measures as keeping the screen intact, avoiding contaminated areas and visiting the doctor for medical checkup. Elliot, Kufera & Myers (2000) propose the best treatment method for the disease to be surgery although normal clinical diagnoses can be also be carried

Security in Bluetooth and other Mobile Devices Assignment

Security in Bluetooth and other Mobile Devices - Assignment Example "Mobile devices  are attractive targets because they are well connected, often incorporating various means of  wireless  communications." (Zhang, 2008) These mobile phones can be the entity of the person or of the organization whose information has to be accessed. The only problem with a mobile device or blue tooth is that it is not as secure as other devices like laptops as it is not provided with hardware based roots of trust therefore the information or the data stored in these mobile phones can be easily accessed by the process of jailbreaking or rooting. The issues that arise due to the inefficiency and the lack of security encountered by mobile phone devices are not so extreme and can be countered if effective measures are taken to overcome the security threats that persist. "New research reveals 68 percent of mobile device owners who have not adopted financial apps are holding back due to security fear." (Software Immune System). The reason why these mobile phones are no t reliable because android phones can be easily hacked and iPhone was hacked before it even released raising a doubt about their security in the minds of all. The industry which I will take into consideration is banking because of the increasing security threats that are associated to it because of the use of mobile devices.The problem arises as only a limited number of people take time out to secure their phones while the rest leave them accessible to harmful software and hackers. Many users these days get their mobile phones jailbreaked or rooted so that they can have access to millions of apps available unaware of the fact that these apps can damage the security of the phone making it prone to malfunctioning. These phones which lack security increase problems for banks and other finance sector as theycannot limit access of the users to such applications, mobile devices or how the user utilizes the mobile phone. In order to keep mobile devices secure banks need to take initiates o n their own so that the integrity of the bank. Banks need to realize that these mobile devices provide an aggressive setting and those applications enabled on the phone are unsafe therefore banks need to take preventive measures on their own and not rely on their customers.Banks and designers who design software are aware of the ongoing security threat in their minds therefore 'public key cryptography' is ensured so that security remains intact but this is just not enough. Hackers and software designed to disrupt the system can alter the functioning of the applications. These have the capability to change the account numbers, bringing changes to accounts, starting false dealings, saving passwords and pin codes etc.more actions are needed so that secure the apps available on mobile phones whereas it is essential to take preventive security measures increasing the communication protocols.(Ahonen, 2008) The five steps that banks can take to ensure security are as follows. Firstly, in o rder to suspect and find out rare and unintentional activities that happens in the bank end through the means of "risk-based authentication and anomaly detection". Secondly to provide the mobile devices with entrusted applications this can comprise of various security structures. Thirdly banks can incorporate another device that can maintain the security adding more to the capability of the smartphone itself known as"Out-of-band authentication". Fourthly, by integrating

The US Involvement In The Iraq War Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The US Involvement In The Iraq War - Case Study Example The basic point underscored in most analyses is the fact that the US intervention in Iraq was not based on justifiable grounds and, therefore, constitutes an act of aggression and interference. The US employed numerous tactics to justify the invasion through the assertion that Iraq was a threat to its security and that of the entire world. The assertion that Hussein’s regime possessed actual nuclear weapons was, perhaps, the best approach used by the United States in justifying the attack on the Gulf country. Therefore, the perceived threat of Saddam’s regime on global peace and security was at the heart of the justification of the US intervention in the Gulf conflict that resulted into the ousting of Saddam Hussein and his regime (Murphy 45). However, the unwarranted US involvement became a reality soon after the conclusion of the war; when it became apparent that Saddam’s threat to global society and safety was exaggerated to achieve a secret plan to overthrow his regime. There were no actual nuclear weapons found within the nation after the war. Therefore, to great extent, the US intervention was not justified as Iraq was not a threat to harmony, safety, and strength of America and the rest of the world. Background During the time when the intervention in Iraq was being prepared, the US government administrators and establishment pundits became self-proclaimed Middle East historians vigorously exposing the facts of Saddam Hussein's crimes – many were real, though some were simply imagined (Cimbala and Foster 33). Nevertheless, these same experts studiously shunned examining the well-detailed history of American and British actions – and crimes – concerning Iraq and its citizens.

Africa Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Africa - Essay Example This resulted in the continent losing its strategic significance (Kapstein 385). The economy fell so low that the continent depended on donor aid. Despite this, back home Africans were investing a lot in their economy. This also attracted direct foreign investment, which played part in development of the economy. There are various reasons that made Africa’s economy grow. The fact that people started moving from rural areas to urban areas was a significant factor that led to the economic growth of Africa. This is because, urban centers bring a lot of minds together thus resulting in innovation. Another way that urbanization led to the growth of Africa’s economy is the fact that urban centers provide good markets for goods and services. Both local and foreign investment also resulted in the continent’s economy growth. The global crisis affected all economies in the world. Companies went bankrupt, and many people lost their jobs. However, it is said that Africa was one of the less affected continents by the global financial crisis of 2008 (Kapstein 384). It is the effects that the crisis had on Europe and North America that will affect Africa’s economy. This is because the financial crisis made countries in Europe and North America to take up measures and policies that would help their falling economy rise again. These measures included stimulus policies that emphasized on protectionism. This is where countries block the importation of commodities that are also produced within the country. As we know, Europe and North America are the key markets for African products hence this will affect the economy of Africa negatively (Kapstein p387). Despite all this, Africa’s economy is faced with various problems. One serious problem is poor governance. Governments in Africa are filled with corrupt leaders who steal a lot of money from the countries funds. These leaders make poor decisions on

The US Involvement In The Iraq War Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The US Involvement In The Iraq War - Case Study Example The basic point underscored in most analyses is the fact that the US intervention in Iraq was not based on justifiable grounds and, therefore, constitutes an act of aggression and interference. The US employed numerous tactics to justify the invasion through the assertion that Iraq was a threat to its security and that of the entire world. The assertion that Hussein’s regime possessed actual nuclear weapons was, perhaps, the best approach used by the United States in justifying the attack on the Gulf country. Therefore, the perceived threat of Saddam’s regime on global peace and security was at the heart of the justification of the US intervention in the Gulf conflict that resulted into the ousting of Saddam Hussein and his regime (Murphy 45). However, the unwarranted US involvement became a reality soon after the conclusion of the war; when it became apparent that Saddam’s threat to global society and safety was exaggerated to achieve a secret plan to overthrow his regime. There were no actual nuclear weapons found within the nation after the war. Therefore, to great extent, the US intervention was not justified as Iraq was not a threat to harmony, safety, and strength of America and the rest of the world. Background During the time when the intervention in Iraq was being prepared, the US government administrators and establishment pundits became self-proclaimed Middle East historians vigorously exposing the facts of Saddam Hussein's crimes – many were real, though some were simply imagined (Cimbala and Foster 33). Nevertheless, these same experts studiously shunned examining the well-detailed history of American and British actions – and crimes – concerning Iraq and its citizens.

Guilt and Punishment Essay Example for Free

Guilt and Punishment Essay Creon’s actions and judgment in the play Antigone were questionable, but I don’t think he deserved the punishment he received at the conclusion of the play. My philosophy of life probably influenced my decision because I believe that everyone deserves a second chance. Creon was arrogant and did not listen to anyone’s advice, including Tiresias, a prophet who has never told him a lie. However, in the end he realized what had happened and accepted his fate. Creon was just recently appointed king so I guess he was trying to set a good example by sentencing Antigone to death. He didn’t’ want the people to think he was a person who made exceptions to their own ruling. A part of me did not want to forgive Creon, because what he did was rotten. He turned against his own family. I could never send a family member to jail or even worse, death. Creon’s punishment was quite harsh. All of the people close to him died. His son and daughter died and that was when he realized what kind of mistake he had made. He went against the morals of the people, ignored advice from his family members as well as a prophet who has never been wrong. His obstinate decision led him towards his downfall. In the end Creon knew that it was his fault that every one around him died. It was too late to regret now, so he accepted his punishment. I don’t think that the punishment was suitable because it was too extreme. Image if everyone in your family died because you made a poor decision. No one is perfect, that is why they put erasers on top of your pencils. I believe everyone should deserve a second chance, even if that someone is Creon.

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay IMMUNOLOGY PRATICAL ASSIGNMENT ENZYME LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY mODULE NAME: Clinical immunology MODULE NUMBER: APS6004 MODULE LEADER: DR JULIA REY-NORES STUDENT NUMBER: 20031761 BSc (H) BMS 3 2014/2015 Introduction The history of immunoassay was developed by Roalyn Yalow and Solomon Berson in 1950 used the Radio-immunoassay (RIA) and they awarded in 1977 Nobel Prize because they developed RIA to detect and measure the level of glucose in the blood for diabetic patient. However, the technology was build up by replacing the radio-isotopes with enzymes to make colour generation that was in 1960. ]1, 2, 3[ More than 40 years, immunoassays use in different places, like laboratory medicine, hospitals and research to improve the health also for many purposes. In addition, immunoassay use in life science research to study the biology system by chase different, hormones, proteins and antibody. However, it use in industry to detect contaminants in food and water. Also, used as quality control to observe specific molecules used through product processing. ]1[ Nowadays, the immunochemistry technology develops assays to try eliminate as many dilution, mixing and measuring. Immunoassays are technique used to detect specific molecule. It’s rely on the ingrained ability of antibody that are bind to the specific structure of molecules. This techniques are quick and accurate it’s depend on the antibody and antigen that found in the blood and tissue fluids. ]1[ There are many type of immunoassays such as radioimmunoassay (RIA), enzyme immunoassay (EIA), fluorescent immunoassay (FIA), and enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA). ]3,5[ In this report file I will focus on ELISA this technique that I used in the laboratory during two weeks to detect the antibody and the antigen. There is different types of ELISA: Direct ELISA Indirect ELISA Sandwich ELISA Competitive ELISA [3] Direct ELISA This method technique depend on the antigen that coated in the surface of plate and the antibody of the patient and conjugated enzyme. ]5[ Figure 1 shows steps of direct ELISA The indirect ELISA The technique used the micro plate coated with antigen. The primary antibody added to react with the antigen that fixed to the plate. Then washed away. Added enzyme conjugated secondary antibody anti-isotope antibody which binds to the primary antibody. After that washed away and added the substrate enzyme to produce the reaction colour that determined the amount of the antibody. ]3,7[ Figure 2 show the steps of the indirect ELISA Sandwich ELISA Sandwich ELISA is the technique that used to detect the antibody or antigen that are present in the patient blood. This technique also called capture method because it detect level of antigen between two layers of antibodies. The antigen to be measure in the technique should contain at least two antigenic epitope capable of binding antibody. Sandwich ELISA has many advantages for example high specificity, flexibility and sensitivity. ]3,8[ Figure 3 shows the steps of sandwich ELISA The aim of practical: To achieve a grid experimental to detect the optimal detection and capture antibody titration, by using monoclonal mouse anti-rabbit IgG and polyclonal goat anti-rabbit IgG antibodies. To determine the concentration of unknown sample X and Y. Materials: Coating buffer: phosphate buffer saline (PBS) Wash buffer: 0.05% Tween 20 ®in PBS, pH 7.4 Diluent: PBS Blocking solution: 1% (w/v) bovine serum albumin (BSA) in PBS Antigen : rabbit IgG Coating antibody: Mouse anti-rabbit IgG monoclonal antibody Detection antibody :Goat anti-rabbit IgG – peroxidase conjugated Colour reagent .tetramethyl benzidine (TMB) Stop solution (1M HCL) 96-well micro plate Adjustable micropipette Practical week 1 Methods: This step was done by the lab technician to make the 96-well plate coated with antigen ready to the students because it’s take long time. Figure 4 show the rabbit IgG antigen serial dilution by using 100 µl coating buffer Monoclonal and polyclonal antibody procedure in tables 1 and 2: Procedure of Monoclonal antibody Procedure of Polyclonal antibody Added 100 µl of diluents of buffer PBS from column 2-6 in the first plate Added 100 µl of buffer PBS from column 8-12 in the second half of the plate Added 200 µl of monoclonal mouse anti-rabbit IgG from A1well to H1 well Added 200 µl of goat anti-rabbit IgG HRP to column 7 transferred 100 µl by doing serial dilution mixed well from column 1 to columns 2 ,3,4,5,6 then discard 100 µl from well 6 Transferred 100 µl by doing serial dilution from column 7 to columns 8,9,10,11,12 then 100 µl discard from colum12 (mixed well) Covered the plate and incubated at room temperature for 30 minutes. Covered the plate and incubated at room temperature for 30 minutes. Washed the plate three times with wash buffer Washed the plate three times with wash buffer Table 1 The final steps 100 µl of goat anti-mouse IgG-HRP was added to columns 1 to 6 200 µl of goat anti-rabbit IgG-HRP was added to columns 7 to 12 The plate was covered and incubated at room temperature for 30 minutes The plate was washed three times with the washing buffer 100 µl of substrate (TMP) was added to all the columns from 1-12 and incubated at room temperature and the plate was observed to check the change of colour to blue colour. After the colour become blue 50 µl of stop reaction 1 M HCL was added to all wells The colour will change to yellow The result was read by spectrophotometer Table 2 Figure 7 shows steps Week one: result Graph 1 shows the results of mouse anti-rabbit IgG monoclonal antibody titration in different dilution Result Graph 2 shows results of goat anti-rabbit IgG HRP labelled antibody in different dilution Practical week 2 Method: Step done by lab technician coated 20 wells overnight with 100 µl/well of the capture antibody (monoclonal mouse anti-rabbit IgG ) and kept ready for use.( sandwich ELISA) Added 200 µl of rabbit IgG to well A1 and A2 Added 100 µl of PBS diluents to wells from B to H in column 1and 2 From A1, 100 µl rabbit IgG was taken and added to B1 then serial dilution take place up to G1 then 100 µl was discarded from G1 100 µl of rabbit IgG was taken from A2 and added to B2 then continued the serial dilution up to G2 then 100 µl from G2 discarded Well H1 and H2 was used as blank Added 100 µl of unknown sample X to wells (A3 and A4) Added 100 µl of unknown sample Y to wells (B3 and B4) Incubated the plate for 30 minutes at room temperature Washed the plate 3 times with washing buffer PBS Added 100 µl of goat anti-rabbit IgG HRP labelled to all 20 wells Incubated the plate for 30 minutes at room temperature Washed the plate 3 times with Buffer BPS Added 100 µl TMB substrate to all 20 wells Incubated the plate and protected from the light until colour develops Added 50 µl stop reaction with (1 M HCL acid) Read absorbance at 450 nm by spectrophotometer The result: Graph 3 shows standard calibration curve of rabbit IgG Graph 4 shows the equation log of concentration rabbit IgG Calculation of samples Table 3 shows the calculation to found the concentration of samples X and Y Discussion From the result that shows in graph one there are six curves of the monoclonal mouse anti-rabbit IgG with different serious dilutions(1:2000, 1:4000, 1:8000, 1:16000, 1:32000, 1:64000). From my result, the dilution 1:2000 is increase fast and it consumption more antibodies which is not recommended. The best dilution is 1:4000 because it gradually increase with less antibodies and this dilution can detect the lowest concentration of antigen and also can be used for more numbers of samples. However, the dilution 1:8000 it increase but is less than dilution 1:4000 it need more antibody, while the dilutions (1:16000, 1:32000, 1:64000) need more antibodies and not detect antigen in low concentration. The graph 2 shows the result of polyclonal antibody and the graph has sex different curves with different serious dilutions ((1:2000, 1:4000, 1:8000, 1:16000, 1:32000, 1:64000) the first dilution 1:2000 increase sharp until concentration of 1000, then decrease slowly up concentration of 2000 so this dilution not recommended due to over opsonisation of antibodies. The second, dilution 1:4000 increased gradually and it need less antibody and can detect the lowest concentration of antigen so it is the optimum for the goat anti-rabbit IgG HRP labelled antibody. Third dilution 1:8000 is increase slow and require more antibody. The last three dilutions, 1:16000, 1:32000, and 1:64000 are not showing significant elevation when increase the concentration and cannot used because it not detect high absorbance of antigen. The graph 3 shows the calibration curve of the known concentration to determine the concentration of two unknown samples X and Y. the graph 4 shows the equation make by log concentration of calibration curve to calculated the concentration of unknown samples. During this practical I learned a lot of important things such as the best technique to choose the dilution of antibody and antigen detection. Also, to compare between the best antibody to detect antigen. There are many factors that affect the result of ELISA like the incubation time should be 1 hour but we reduced to 30 minutes and this not enough for the reaction take place between antibody and antigen, manual washing cause insufficient washing and mixed with other micro plate wells. The pipettes some time not working due to some problem of tips. Conclusion In conclusion, the optimum monoclonal Mouse anti-rabbit IgG antibody concentration is 1/4000, while the optimum polyclonal Goat anti-rabbit IgG HRP labelled antibody concentration is 1/4000, and the concentration of unknown sample( X )is 287ng/ml and unknown of sample (Y) concentration is 41ng/ml. the ELISA is the best technique to detect the reaction between antibody and antigen. Reference 1-Avrameas, S. (2006). Historical Background of the Invention of EIA and ELISA. Clinical Chemistry, 52(7), pp.1430a-1431. 2Tulsidas G, S. (2002). HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY IN LIFE SCIENCES WITH REFERENCE TO IMMUNOASSAY IN MEDICINE. Health and Population, 3(25), pp.140-147. 3- Owen, J. et al. 2009. Immunology by Kuby. 7th ed. New York: W. H Freeman and Company. 4-Immunochemistry.com, (2014). Apoptosis, Caspases, Assay Development, ELISA Buffers, ELISA Detection. [online] Available at: http://www.immunochemistry.com [Accessed 26 Nov. 2014]. 5-Accelero-bioanalytics.com, (2014). Home Accelero ® Bioanalytics GmbH. [online] Available at: http://www.accelero-bioanalytics.com [Accessed 27 Nov. 2014] 6-Wieslab.com, (2014). Wieslab Laboratory Services Home. [online] Available at: http://www.wieslab.com [Accessed 27 Nov. 2014]. 7-Pharmatutor.org, (2014). Articles | PharmaTutor. [online] Available at: http://www.pharmatutor.org/articles [Accessed 27 Nov. 2014]. 8-Elisa-antibody.com, (2014). ELISA Antibody, protocol and troubleshooting. [online] Available at: http://www.elisa-antibody.com [Accessed 27 Nov. 2014]. Appendix Result week one practical 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 2.1104 2.1292 1.9613 1.6637 1.3974 1.2574 3.2528 1.8449 0.9561 0.4939 0.2465 0.1338 1.8208 1.5499 1.4053 1.5323 1.0412 0.7042 3.4643 1.5967 0.8303 0.4028 0.2565 0.1613 1.4231 1.3054 0.5794 0.9972 0.8248 0.6163 2.8907 1.313 0.6298 0.3189 0.1761 0.1112 1.0608 0.9475 0.8302 0.6554 0.5236 0.3168 2.2198 1.065 0.5392 0.2867 0.1652 0.1013 0.7257 0.7008 0.6846 0.6725 0.5747 0.5967 1.6108 0.7602 0.6945 0.3432 0.1921 0.1128 0.513 0.4868 0.4624 0.3917 0.4104 0.3967 0.9931 0.5756 0.3218 0.17 0.1043 0.1606 0.3335 0.3444 0.3188 0.3414 0.3042 0.2611 0.6909 0.3377 0.1896 0.1087 0.0786 0.0585 0.0797 0.0856 0.0774 0.0677 0.0772 0.0886 0.1005 0.0566 0.0459 0.0473 0.0498 0.0589 Table 1 shows the result of the absorbance of monoclonal antibody and polyclonal antibody concentration 1/2000 1/4000 1/8000 1/16000 1/32000 1/64000 2000 2.0307 2.0436 1.8839 1.596 1.3202 1.1688 1000 1.7411 1.4643 1.3279 1.4646 0.964 0.6156 500 1.3434 1.2198 0.502 0.9295 0.7476 0.5277 250 0.9811 0.8619 0.7528 0.5877 0.4464 0.2282 125 0.646 0.6152 0.6072 0.6048 0.4975 0.5081 62 0.4333 0.4012 0.385 0.324 0.3332 0.3081 31 0.2538 0.2588 0.2414 0.2737 0.227 0.1725 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Table 2 the results of the absorbance of monoclonal antibody after subscription of the absorbance from blank concentration 1/2000 1/4000 1/8000 1/16000 1/32000 1/64000 2000 3.1523 1.7883 0.9102 0.4466 0.1967 0.0749 1000 3.3638 1.5401 0.7844 0.3555 0.2067 0.1024 500 2.7902 1.2564 0.5839 0.2716 0.1263 0.0523 250 2.1193 1.0084 0.4933 0.2394 0.1154 0.0424 125 1.5103 0.7036 0.6486 0.2959 0.1423 0.0539 62 0.8926 0.519 0.2759 0.1227 0.0545 0.1017 31 0.5904 0.2811 0.1437 0.0614 0.0288 -0.0004 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Table 3 shows the results of polyclonal antibody after subscription of blank Result of week 2 practical 1 2 3 4 A 0.6084 0.5426 0.4306 0.419 B 0.5699 0.4589 0.2425 0.2505 C 0.5602 0.4504 D 0.5085 0.4093 E 0.4238 0.3164 F 0.3004 0.2355 G 0.1997 0.1794 H 0.1242 0.1093 Table 4 shows the result of rabbit IgG absorbance and two unknown sample Concentration IgG (ng/ml) 1 2 mean mean- blank sample sample mean mean- blank 2000 0.6084 0.5426 0.5755 0.45875 X=0.4306 X=0.419 0.4248 0.308 1000 0.5699 0.4589 0.5144 0.39765 Y=0.2425 Y=0.2505 0.2465 0.1297 500 0.5602 0.4504 0.5053 0.38855 250 0.5085 0.4093 0.4589 0.34215 125 0.4238 0.3164 0.3701 0.25335 62 0.3004 0.2355 0.26795 0.1512 31 0.1997 0.1794 0.18955 0.0728 0 0.1242 0.1093 0.11675 0 Table 5 shows the steps of rabbit IgG and two unknown sample, mean then subscription of blank to make calibration curve and equation to get the concentration of sample X and X Abbreviation RIA Radioimmunoassay EIA Enzyme immunoassay FIA Fluorescent immunoassay ELISA Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay PBS Phosphate buffer saline BSA Bovine serum albumin TMB Tetramethyl benzidine HRP Horseradish peroxidase 1M HCL 1 molar of Hydrochloric acid Log Logarithm Y Absorbance IgG immunoglobulin G X Concentration Result ignore